By saying that all of this can be done using existing technologies aren’t you dis-incentivising further innovation?

Our research suggests that we can achieve at least a 50% cut by 2050 on the basis of existing, cost-effective technologies and if we start to ensure that these technologies are widely deployed in new cars as soon as possible. Obviously, the sooner we start, and the more we do in addition – for example by getting new technologies to market, and promoting different behavior e.g. eco-driving, the more we will achieve and the quicker we will achieve it.

Also, to achieve a global average of 50% improvement, we think some markets will need to lead the way and actually go beyond 50% improvement (just to compensate for those regions/ countries that will be moving slower). In these cases there would be a need to fast track some of the very efficient technologies like plug-ins and electric.